| Persian alphabet |
|---|
| ﺍ ﺏ پ ﺕ ﺙ ﺝ چ |
| ﺡ ﺥ ﺩ ﺫ ﺭ ﺯ ژ |
| ﺱ ﺵ ﺹ ﺽ ﻁ ﻅ |
| ﻉ ﻍ ﻑ ﻕ ک گ |
| ﻝ ﻡ ﻥ ﻭ ه ی |
|
Romanization of Persian is the means by which the Persian language is represented using the Latin alphabet. Several different romanization schemes exist, each with its own set of rules driven by its own set of ideological goals.
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Because the Perso-Arabic script is an abjad writing system (with a consonant-heavy inventory of letters), many distinct words in standard Persian can have identical spellings, with widely varying pronunciations that differ in their (unwritten) vowel sounds. Thus a romanization paradigm can follow either transliteration (which mirrors spelling and orthography) or transcription (which mirrors pronunciation and phonology).
Transliteration (in the strict sense) attempts to be a complete representation of the original writing, so that an informed reader should be able to reconstruct the original spelling of unknown transliterated words. Transliterations of Persian are used to represent individual Persian words or short quotations, in scholarly texts in English or other languages that do not use the Arabic alphabet.
A transliteration will still have separate representations for different consonants of the Persian alphabet that are pronounced identically in Persian. Therefore transliterations of Persian are often based on transliterations of Arabic. Persian-alphabet vowel representation is also complex, and transliterations are based on the written form.
Transliterations commonly used in the English-speaking world include BGN/PCGN romanization and ALA-LC Romanization.
Non-academic English-language quotation of Persian words usually uses a simplification of one of the strict transliteration schemes (typically omitting diacritical marks) and/or unsystematic choices of spellings meant to guide English speakers using English spelling rules towards an approximation of the Persian sounds.
An academic and standardized method for official transliteration of Persian also exists which is called Desphilic Persian Standard Romanization (Desphilic PSR). In this transliteration standard, all Persian words are transliterated to standard Latin-1 characters and therefore can be written using an ordinary English keyboard.
Transcriptions of Persian attempt to straightforwardly represent Persian phonology in the Roman alphabet, without requiring a close or reversible correspondence with the Perso-Arabic script, and also without requiring a close correspondence to English-language phonetic values of Roman letters; for example, letters such as X, Q, C may be reused for Persian-language phonemes that are not present in English phonology or do not have a consistent or single-letter English spelling.
Proposed Roman-alphabet scripts intended to be a primary representation of Persian, for use by Persian speakers as an alternative to the Perso-Arabic script, fall into this category. Some of these proposed scripts are described at Omniglot.
The Persian language (Tehrani dialect) has six vowels and twenty-three consonants. The Persian sounds have two specifications:
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ° | اَ | اِ | اُ | آ | ای | او | ||
| a | e | o | ā | i | u | |||
| 1 | ا ع | ' | 'a | 'e | 'o | 'ā | 'i | 'u |
| 2 | ب | b | ba | be | bo | bā | bi | bu |
| 3 | د | d | da | de | do | dā | di | du |
| 5 | ف | f | fa | fe | fo | fā | fi | fu |
| 4 | گ | g | ga | ge | go | gā | gi | gu |
| 6 | ه ح | h | ha | he | ho | hā | hi | hu |
| 7 | ج | j | ja | je | jo | jā | ji | ju |
| 8 | ک | k | ka | ke | ko | kā | ki | ku |
| 9 | ل | l | la | le | lo | lā | li | lu |
| 10 | م | m | ma | me | mo | mā | mi | mu |
| 11 | ن | n | na | ne | no | nā | ni | nu |
| 12 | پ | p | pa | pe | po | pā | pi | pu |
| 13 | ر | r | ra | re | ro | rā | ri | ru |
| 14 | س ص ث | s | sa | se | so | sā | si | su |
| 15 | ت ط | t | ta | te | to | tā | ti | tu |
| 16 | و | v | va | ve | vo | vā | vi | vu |
| 17 | ی | y | ya | ye | yo | yā | yi | yu |
| 18 | ز ذ ض ظ | z | za | ze | zo | zā | zi | zu |
| 19 | چ | ch | cha | che | cho | chā | chi | chu |
| 20 | ق غ | gh | gha | ghe | gho | ghā | ghi | ghu |
| 21 | خ | kh | kha | khe | kho | khā | khi | khu |
| 22 | ش | sh | sha | she | sho | shā | shi | shu |
| 23 | ژ | zh | zha | zhe | zho | zhā | zhi | zhu |
It is important that use of symbols ' like as one alphabet symbol (it is not necessary only at the beginning of the words or between two vowels of words, but is necessary for Persian transcription in other situation).
| IPA | Pk | UP | EF | tm | az | tk | ku | ASCII[1] | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /æ/ | A a | Ä ä | Ə ə | E e [2] | a | cat | |||
| /ɒː/ | Á á | Â â | Ã ã | A a [3] | aa | father[4] | |||
| /ʃ/ | Sc sc | Š š | Ş ş | sh | ship | ||||
| /ʒ/ | Zc zc | Ž ž | J j | zh[5] | vision | ||||
| /t͡ʃ/ | C c[6] | Ç ç | ch | church | |||||
| /d͡ʒ/ | J j | C c | j | judge | |||||
| /ɣ/[7] | Q q[8] | Ğ ğ | gh[5] | none | |||||
| /χ/ | X x[9] | X x | kh[5] | none | |||||
| /ʔ/ | [10] | ' | ' [5] | uh-oh | |||||
One common theme is that in transcriptions of Persian, the unmarked letter a is used for the front vowel /æ/, while accented or doubled versions of the letter are used for the back vowel /ɒː/; this is opposite to the conventions in Latin alphabets of Turkic languages, although similar to some romanizations of Arabic.
In 1967, the United Nations approved a Romanization system based on the official guidelines adopted by Iran. This system of rules was later published in 2000 as part of the Toponymic Guidelines for the Islamic Republic of Iran.[1]
Desphilic is one of schemes which targets Persian Standard Romanization (PSR) by transliterating into ordinary English keyboard (Character set of Latin-1). Desphilic Introduced a table for equivalency of letters which corresponds each Perso-Arabic script letter to a Latin-1 charset letter. In addition to Desphilic equivalency of letters, Desphilic standard defines rules and publishes application notes on how to officially transliterate from standard Persian ( Parsi of the book) and all dialects to ordinary Latin-1 keyboard characters(Ordinary English keyboard). For writing Persian using this transliteration, there is no need to use a special kind of keyboard, special version of OS or any special software or hardware. Desphilic standard is a full featured language standard which also defines rules for using and writing Persian pronouns, Persian verb conjugation, Persian tenses and other Persian grammar subjects. Desphilic also defines a Persian Keyboard layout which supports Desphilic extended character set [ ä š ö ü ž ğ ķ ] and contributes to Unipers in defining a Universal Persian standard keyboard.
| Vowel | as in | Vowel | as in |
|---|---|---|---|
| A a | /æ/ | I i | /i/ |
| Â â | /ɒː/ | O o | /o/ |
| E e | /e/ | U u | /u/ |
| Consonant | as in | Consonant | as in |
| B b | /b/ | Q q | /ɣ/ |
| C c | /tʃ/ | R r | /ɾ/ |
| D d | /d/ | S s | /s/ |
| F f | /f/ | Š š | /ʃ/ |
| G g | /ɡ/ | T t | /t/ |
| H h | /h/ | V v | /v/ |
| J j | /dʒ/ | W w | /w/; only used in ow, xw |
| K k | /k/ | X x | /χ/ |
| L l | /l/ | Y y | /j/ |
| M m | /m/ | Z z | /z/ |
| N n | /n/ | Ž ž | /ʒ/ |
| P p | /p/ | ' | /ʔ/ |
| Digraph | as | Diphthong | as in |
| xw | x | ow | /oʊ/ |
UniPers, also called Pârsiye Jahâni (literally, "Universal Persian") by its creators, is a proposed Latin-based alphabet for the Persian language. The system combines the basic Latin alphabet plus a few modified letters (Â/â, Š/š, Ž/ž, and an apostrophe). The UniPers script combines the basic Latin alphabet plus a thee modified letters (Â/â, Š/š and Ž/ž), and a handful of common-sense rules and recommendations, in order to best represent the sounds of Persian.
To make reading and writing of the Persian language readily accessible to most users, regardless of their national origin and/or education level. Uni-Pers also defines Persian keyboard layouts to ease user access to defined characters.
The creators of the system have mentioned that they have the following criteria for their design of the system: serving the Persian language and no other, only using the Latin script, simplicity and ease of use by using a minimal number of diacritical letters and rules, one-to-one correspondence between the sound values of the language and the letters in the system (which may be relaxed in case of š and ž), and conformance with standard pronunciation of the language.[2]
There has also been a recent latin-based alphabet created called Persá that utilizes similar elements with the introduction of new characters with a similar purpose and goal as the Unipers language system.
The above alphabetic principle makes reading and writing easy, allowing the reader to pronounce words from their spelling, and the writer to spell them from their sounds. The UniPers alphabet and its rules are founded on this fundamental principle. The statements of purpose of the UniPers script are given below:
To provide the Persian language with a standard phonemic Latin-based script that is clear, simple, and consistent. To make reading and writing of the Persian language readily accessible to most users, regardless of their national origin and/or education level.
One of the common places to see the usage of UniPers is Wikipedia itself.
Here are the 5 axioms[3] of the UniPers script:
Bahá'ís use a particular and fairly precise system standardized by Shoghi Effendi, which he initiated in a general letter on March 12, 1923.[4] The Bahá'í transliteration scheme was based on a standard adopted by the Tenth International Congress of Orientalists which took place in Geneva in September 1894. Shoghi Effendi changed some details of the Congress's system, most notably in the use of digraphs in certain cases (e.g. sh instead of š), and in incorporating the solar letters when writing the definite article al- (Arabic: ال) according to pronunciation (e.g. ar-Rahim, as-Saddiq, instead of al-Rahim, al-Saddiq).
This transliteration differs significantly from UniPers, especially in vowel presentation. For example, what is in UniPers "Tehran" is presented in many Bahá'í translations as "Tihran". The name of the Bahá'í women's right activist and martyr "Táhirih" would be pronounced in Persian according to the UniPers translation "Tahereh", but never printed as "Tahereh" in Bahá'í books. The use of "i" in the case of "Tahereh", illustrates the Bahá'í system's emphasis on literal correspondence with the Persian script, rather than the pronunciation of the modern national language of Iran. A detailed introduction to the Bahá'í Persian romanization can usually be found at the back of a Bahá'í scripture.
It is common to write Persian language with only English letters especially when commenting in weblogs or when using cellphones to send SMS. One form of such writing is as the following:
| A a | AA aa | B b | CH ch | D d | E e | F f | G g | H h | I i | |
| /æ/ | /ɒː/ | /b/ | /tʃ/ | /d/ | /e/ | /f/ | /ɡ/ | /h/ | /i/ | |
| J j | K k | L l | M m | N n | O o | P p | GH gh | R r | S s | |
| /dʒ/ | /k/ | /l/ | /m/ | /n/ | /o/ | /p/ | /ɣ/ | /ɾ/ | /s/ | |
| SH sh | T t | U u | V v | W w | KH kh | Y y | Z z | ZH zh | ' | |
| /ʃ/ | /t/ | /u/ | /v/ | /w/ | /χ/ | /j/ | /z/ | /ʒ/ | /ʔ/ |
The Tajik language or Tajik Persian is a variety of the Persian language. It was written in Tajik SSR in a standardized Latin script from 1926 until late 1930s, when the script was officially changed to Cyrillic. However, Tajik phonology differs slightly from that of Persian in Iran; see Persian phonology#Historical shifts.
| A a | B ʙ | C c | Ç ç | D d | E e | F f | G g | Ƣ ƣ | H h | I i | Ī ī |
| /a/ | /b/ | /tʃ/ | /dʒ/ | /d/ | /e/ | /f/ | /ɡ/ | /ʁ/ | /h/ | /i/ | /ˈi/ |
| J j | K k | L l | M m | N n | O o | P p | Q q | R r | S s | Ş ş | T t |
| /j/ | /k/ | /l/ | /m/ | /n/ | /o/ | /p/ | /q/ | /ɾ/ | /s/ | /ʃ/ | /t/ |
| U u | Ū ū | V v | X x | Z z | Ƶ ƶ | ' | |||||
| /u/ | /ɵ/ | /v/ | /χ/ | /z/ | /ʒ/ | /ʔ/ |
| Numerals | Cardinal number | Ordinal number | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| W | A | Persian | Turkish | Persian | Persian | Turkish | Persian |
| 0 | ۰ | Sefr | Sefr | صفر | Seferom | صفرم | |
| 1 | ۱ | Yek | Yek | یک | nokhost | Evvel, Yekom | اول، نخست |
| 2 | ۲ | Do | Dü | دو | dovvom | Devvom | دوم |
| 3 | ۳ | Se | Se | سه | sevvom | Sevvom | سوم |
| 4 | ۴ | Cāhār | Çehar | چهار | çehārom | Çeharom | چهارم |
| 5 | ۵ | Panj | Penc | پنج | pancom | Pencom | پنجم |
| 6 | ۶ | Şeş | Şeş | شش | şeşom | Şeşom | ششم |
| 7 | ۷ | Haft | Heft | هفت | haftom | Heftom | هفتم |
| 8 | ۸ | Haşt | Heşt | هشت | haştom | Heştom | هشتم |
| 9 | ۹ | Noh | Noh | نه | nohom | Nohom | نهم |
| 10 | ۱۰ | Daḥ | De | ده | dāhom | Dehom | دهم |
| 11 | ۱۱ | Yāzdah | Yazde | يازده | yāzdahom | Yazdehom | يازدهم |
| 12 | ۱۲ | Davāzdaḥ | Devazde | دوازده | davāzdahom | Devazdehom | دوازدهم |
| 13 | ۱۳ | Sizdah | Sizde | سيزده | sīzdahom | Sizdehom | سيزدهم |
| 14 | ۱۴ | Cāḥārdah | Çeharde | چهارده | çahārdahom | Çehardehom | چهاردهم |
| 15 | ۱۵ | Pānzdah Punzda |
Panzde | پانزده | pānzdahom punzdahom |
Panzdehom | پانزدهم |
| 16 | ۱۶ | Şānzdah | Şanzde | شانزده | şānzdehom şunzdehom |
Şanzdehom | شانزدهم |
| 17 | ۱۷ | Hefdah | Hifde | هفده | hefdahom | Hifdehom | هفدهم |
| 18 | ۱۸ | Hijdah | Hicde | هیجده | hijdahom | Hicdehom | هیجدهم |
| 19 | ۱۹ | Nuzdah | Nuzde | نوزده | nūzdahom | Nuzdehom | نوزدهم |
| 20 | ۲۰ | Bist | Bist | بيست | bīstom | Bistom | بيستم |
| 30 | ۳۰ | Si | Si | سی | sīyom | Siyom | سی ام |
| 40 | ۴۰ | Cehel | Çehel | چهل | çehelom | Çehelom | چهلم |
| 50 | ۵۰ | Pānjah | Pencah | پنجاه | pancāhom | Pencahom | پنجا هم |
| 60 | ۶۰ | Şast | Şest | شصت | şastom | Şestom | شصتم |
| 70 | ۷۰ | Haftād | Heftad | هفتاد | haftādom | Heftadom | هفتادم |
| 80 | ۸۰ | Haştād | Heştad | هشتاد | haştādom | Heştadom | هشتادم |
| 90 | ۹۰ | Navad | Neved | نود | navadom | Nevedom | نودم |
| 100 | ۱۰۰ | Sad | Sed | صد | sadom | Sedom | صدم |
| 200 | ۲۰۰ | Devist | Divist | دويست | devīstom | Divistom | دويستم |
| 300 | ۳۰۰ | Sisad | Sised | سيصد | sīsadom | Sisedom | سيصدم |
| 400 | ۴۰۰ | Cāhārsad | Çeharsed | چهارصد | çahār sadom | Çehar sedom | چهار صدم |
| 500 | ۵۰۰ | Pān sad Pun sad |
Pan sed | پانصد | pānsadom punsadom |
Pansedom | پانصدم |
| 600 | ۶۰۰ | Şeş sad | Şeş sed | شش صد | şeş sadom | Şeş sedom | شش صدم |
| 700 | ۷۰۰ | Haft sad | Heft sed | هفت صد | haft sadom | Heft sedom | هفت صدم |
| 800 | ۸۰۰ | ḥaşt sad | Heşt sed | هشت صد | haşt sadom | Heşt sedom | هشت صدم |
| 900 | ۹۰۰ | Noh sad | Noh sed | نه صد | noh sadom | Noh sedom | نه صدم |
| 1000 | ۱۰۰۰ | Hezār | Hezar | هزار | hazārom | Hezarom | هزارم |
"Turco-Persian", among its many definitions, can refer to the code-switching to Persian expressions, Persian literary mannerisms, and heavy use of Persian vocabulary in Anatolian Turkish or Azerbaijani Turkish, especially Ottoman Turkish, which has a long history of subscribing to the Persian language classical literature. Even though Modern Standard Turkish is ostensibly more pure, it nonetheless retains many Persian mannerisms, Persian vocabulary from Ottoman Turkish, and has maintained its peculiar way of transcribing Persian words that is "Turkified" in pronunciation and is quite removed from modern standard pronunciation of Persian.
Following are some examples taken from the Turkish Wikipedia tr:Farsça Sözcükler in explaining differences in spelling between standard Persian transliterated with Turkish Latin Alphabet, and Turco-Persian orthography in the same alphabet:
Following are some lines of Persian poems from the Azeri Wikipedia, with the Azeri Turco-Persian transliteration in bold az:Cahanşah Həqiqi az:Səid Səlmasi az:Məhəmməd Hadi az:Əbül-üla Gəncəvi:
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